[85] In the first category, she read romances and comedies that were popular at the time, many of which were regarded as "inconsequential" by the critics both then and since. [81] In 1779, she hired the British architect Charles Cameron to build the Chinese Village at Tsarkoe Selo (modern Pushkin, Russia). The Primary Chronicle reports that a number of Eastern Slavic tribes quarreled but agreed to invite a prince to come and rule them and to establish peace. Catherine is famous for taking many lovers, and spoiling them with high positions and large estates. [37][38], The Russian victories procured access to the Black Sea and allowed Catherine's government to incorporate present-day southern Ukraine, where the Russians founded the new cities of Odessa, Nikolayev, Yekaterinoslav (literally: "the Glory of Catherine"; the future Dnipro), and Kherson. Catherine became pregnant with her second child, Anna, who only lived to 14 months, in 1759. Emperor Peter III in 1762 brought fresh Rurikid blood to the Romanovs: he and his wife Catherine the Great both descended from the Rurik dynasty. From 1788 to 1790, Russia fought a war against Sweden, a conflict instigated by Catherine's cousin, King Gustav III of Sweden, who expected to simply overtake the Russian armies still engaged in war against the Ottoman Turks, and hoped to strike Saint Petersburg directly. In the Treaty of Georgievsk (1783) Russia agreed to protect Georgia against any new invasion and further political aspirations of their Persian suzerains. [12], Sophie first met her future husband, who would become Peter III of Russia, at the age of 10. Peter also intervened in a dispute between his Duchy of Holstein and Denmark over the province of Schleswig (see Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff). She led the way in embracing the latest medical practices. "Catherine II and the Socio-Economic Origins of the Jewish Question in Russia", This page was last edited on 22 January 2021, at 20:41. Denmark declared war on Sweden in 1788 (the Theatre War). [48] In 1762, he unilaterally abrogated the Treaty of Kyakhta, which governed the caravan trade between the two empires. Her mother, Princess Johanna Elisabeth, had distant links to the Russian royal family. This allowed the Russian government to control more people, especially those who previously had not fallen under the jurisdiction of Russian law. [144], Later, several unfounded stories circulated regarding the cause and manner of her death. 6 May] 1727), the second wife of Peter I of Russia, reigned as Empress of Russia from 1725 until her death. So this is not likely. obruk. Catherine wanted to become an empress herself and did not want another heir to the throne. Catherine tried to keep the Jews away from certain economic spheres, even under the guise of equality; in 1790, she banned Jewish citizens from Moscow's middle class.[122]. Historical accounts portray Johanna as a cold, abusive woman who loved gossip and court intrigues. At the time of Peter III's overthrow, other potential rivals for the throne included Ivan VI (1740–1764), who had been confined at Schlüsselburg in Lake Ladoga from the age of six months, and was thought to be insane. Assignation rubles circulated on equal footing with the silver ruble; a market exchange rate for these two currencies was ongoing. She had the book burned and the author exiled to Siberia. Elizabeth aimed to continue changes made by Peter the Great. In 1780, she established a League of Armed Neutrality, designed to defend neutral shipping from being searched by the Royal Navy during the Revolutionary War. Large sums were paid to Gustav III. No. [81] The Chinese Palace was designed by the Italian architect Antonio Rinaldi who specialised in the chinoiserie style. [98] In 1764, she sent for Dumaresq to come to Russia and then appointed him to the educational commission. For example, she took action to limit the number of new serfs; she eliminated many ways for people to become serfs, culminating in the manifesto of 17 March 1775, which prohibited a serf who had once been freed from becoming a serf again. Catherine became a great patron of Russian opera. Catherine the Great __________, a Cossack chieftain who claimed to be the legitimate tsar, launched a rebellion against tsarist authority and promised to abolish serfdom, taxation, and military conscription. Among the eighteen rulers that the House of the Romanov (ruling dynasty of Imperial Russia) produced from 1613 till 1917, and the 21 monarchs of the Rurik Dynasty (879 1612), only Peter I and Catherine II were granted the nickname ‘the Great’. One or two paintings, and maybe new curtains, can make any ugly house a little bit more bearable, isn’t it? of Kiev ≈978–1019–1054: Boris Prince of Rostov 986-1010–1015: Gleb Prince of Murom 987-1013–1015: Sudislav Prince of Pskov?-1014–1036-1063: Maria Dobroniega aft.1012– Catherine the Great or Екатерина Алексеевна was the longest reigning female ruler of Russia in history. 873) was the founder of the first Russian state and of the dynasty that ruled in Russia until the death of Feodor I in 1598. This powerful woman said of herself: “The trouble is that my heart is loathe to remain even one hour without love.” These are Catherine the Great’s 12 lovers: ", James A. Duran, "The Reform of Financial Administration in Russia during the Reign of Catherine II.". Besides her native German, Sophie became fluent in French, the lingua franca of European elites in the 18th century. While the nobility provided appreciable amounts of money for these institutions, they preferred to send their own children to private, prestigious institutions. of Kiev ≈958–980–1015: Sviatopolk I the Accursed G.P. Olga Constantinovna of Russia, great-great-granddaughter of Catherine, was the paternal grandmother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and his descendants which include Prince Charles, Prince of Wales; his son, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge; and William's son, Prince George of Cambridge; the three direct heirs to the throne of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. She acted as mediator in the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–1779) between the German states of Prussia and Austria. Others represented the Viazemskii and Trubetskoi families. With impressive independence and unbending self-assertion, Catherine led Enlightenment thought, instructed military leaders and held the balance of power. Catherine the Great actually expired alone and of natural causes. Russia was to stop any involvement in internal affairs of Sweden. In the west, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruled by Catherine's former lover, King Stanisław August Poniatowski, was eventually partitioned, with the Russian Empire gaining the largest share. Poniatowski, through his mother's side, came from the Czartoryski family, prominent members of the pro-Russian faction in Poland; Poniatowski and Catherine were eighth cousins, twice removed by their mutual ancestor King Christian I of Denmark, by virtue of Poniatowski's maternal descent from the Scottish House of Stuart. When Sophie's situation looked desperate, her mother wanted her confessed by a Lutheran pastor. The newlyweds settled in the palace of Oranienbaum, which remained the residence of the "young court" for many years to come. [79] She ordered the planting of the first "English garden" at Tsarskoye Selo in May 1770. She came to power following a coup d'état that overthrew her husband and second cousin, Peter III. [76] Pugachev had made stories about himself acting as a real tsar should, helping the common people, listening to their problems, praying for them, and generally acting saintly, and this helped rally the peasants and serfs, with their very conservative values, to his cause. Yekaterina Alexeyevna (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна) or Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая, Yekaterina II Velikaya; 2 May [O.S. Several bank branches were afterwards established in other towns, called government towns. Catherine worried Potemkin's poor health would delay his important work colonizing and developing the south as he had planned. The imperial couple moved into the new Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. Catherine was crowned at the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow on 22 September 1762. [73] Naturally, the serfs did not like it when Catherine tried to take away their right to petition her because they felt as though she had severed their connection to the autocrat, and their power to appeal to her. Very few members of the nobility entered the church, which became even less important than it had been. In addition to the advisory commission, Catherine established a Commission of National Schools under Pyotr Zavadovsky. In 1757, Poniatowski served in the British Army during the Seven Years' War, thus severing close relationships with Catherine. The use of these notes continued until 1849. Bored with her husband, Catherine became an avid reader of books, mostly in French. Russian local authorities helped his party, and the Russian government decided to use him as a trade envoy. Yet by the end of Catherine's reign, an estimated 62,000 pupils were being educated in some 549 state institutions. She had the government collect and publish vital statistics. ", James A. Duran, "Catherine II, Potemkin, and colonization policy in Southern Russia. Her first son Paul later emperor … The treaty also removed restrictions on Russian naval or commercial traffic in the Azov Sea, granted to Russia the position of protector of Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, and made the Crimea a protectorate of Russia. She was given the last rites and died the following evening around 9:45. [127] While claiming religious tolerance, she intended to recall the believers into the official church. Rurik dynasty - a dynasty that ruled Muscovy and much of Russia from the 9th century until the … Although Catherine did not descend from the Romanov dynasty, her ancestors included members of the Rurik dynasty, which preceded the Romanovs. Mourning dress is to be worn for six months, and no longer: the shorter the better. [78] By 1790, the Hermitage was home to 38,000 books, 10,000 gems and 10,000 drawings. In 1772, Catherine wrote to Potemkin. Catherine’s husband, who had only a … The next day, she left the palace and departed for the Ismailovsky regiment, where she delivered a speech asking the soldiers to protect her from her husband. [133]:119 Catherine bought the support of the bureaucracy. These reforms in the Cadet Corps influenced the curricula of the Naval Cadet Corps and the Engineering and Artillery Schools. [86] Catherine expressed some frustration with the economists she read for what she regarded as their impractical theories, writing in the margin of one of Necker's books that if it was possible to solve all of the state's economic problems in one day, she would have done so a long time ago. This second lost pregnancy was also attributed to Saltykov; Born at the Winter Palace, officially he was a son of Peter III but in her memoirs, Catherine implies very strongly that Saltykov was the biological father of the child. Just prior to her arrival in Russia, she participated in a duel with her female second cousin from Anhalt. 2, part 2, Chapter 3, V]. Catherine shared in the general European craze for all things Chinese, and made a point of collecting Chinese art and buying porcelain in the popular Chinoiserie style. The story claimed that her maids believed that Catherine spent too much unsupervised time with her favourite horse, Dudley. Because the serfs had no political power, they rioted to convey their message. In this month, the empress of Russia died and her successor Paul, who detested that the Zubovs had other plans for the army, ordered the troops to retreat to Russia. It opened in Saint Petersburg and Moscow in 1769. Though Catherine had the support of Peter's mother, the Empress Elizabeth, she disliked her husband—Catherine later wrote she had been more interested in the crown than the person—and first Peter and then Catherine were unfaithful. Season: OR . She came to power as a result of a daring coup that, amazingly, succeeded without bloodshed. She recovered well enough to begin to plan a ceremony which would establish her favourite grandson Alexander as her heir, superseding her difficult son Paul, but she died before the announcement could be made, just over two months after the engagement ball. [142] The court physician diagnosed a stroke[142][143] and despite attempts to revive her she fell into a coma. N. Hans, "Dumaresq, Brown and Some Early Educational Projects of Catherine II", Alan W. Fisher, "Enlightened despotism and Islam under Catherine II. [112], Catherine took many different approaches to Islam during her reign. Radishev - a Russian author and social critic who was arrested and exiled under Catherine the Great. And then stole his throne. Catherine named Sahin Girey, a Crimean Tatar leader to head the Crimean state and maintain friendly relations with Russia. [134], After her affair with her lover and adviser Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin ended in 1776, he allegedly selected a candidate-lover for her who had the physical beauty and mental faculties to hold her interest (such as Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov and Nicholas Alexander Suk[135]). RURIK (d. 879), Varangian (Viking) leader who established his rule over the Eastern Slavs in the Novgorod region and became the progenitor of the line of princes, the Rurikid dynasty (Rurikovichi), that ruled Kiev and Muscovy.. Catherine was famously loyal to her lovers, both during their relationship and after it ended. Copernicus. In addition, some governors listened to the complaints of serfs and punished nobles, but this was by no means universal. She made use of the social theory ideas of German cameralism and French physiocracy, as well as Russian precedents and experiments such as foundling homes. Catherine de Russie (titre original : The Rise of Catherine the Great) est un film britannique de Paul Czinner sorti en 1934. Amongst the first decisions of Catherine as Empress, apart from rewarding her buddies, who staged the coup against the Prussian-fan Peter III, was the acquisition of artistic paintings. Catherine the Great descent from Rurik Catherine the Great was widely known as "that German petty princess," motivating her own propaganda to highlight her Russian and Eastern Orthodox credentials. He was strongly in favor of the adoption of the Austrian three-tier model of trivial, real, and normal schools at the village, town, and provincial capital levels. Princess Sophie's father, a devout German Lutheran, opposed his daughter's conversion to Eastern Orthodoxy. After the "Toleration of All Faiths" Edict of 1773, Muslims were permitted to build mosques and practise all of their traditions, the most obvious of these being the pilgrimage to Mecca, which previously had been denied. The origin of Paul I//The history of Gatchina, "Coronation of the Empress Catherine II [Описание коронации, миропомазания и причащения императрицы Екатерины II-й]", "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources", https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/XXXVI.2.185, "Naive Monarchism and Rural Resistance In Contemporary Russia", "How Catherine the Great Shook up Europe's Male Power Structure", "Alexander the Great vs Ivan the Terrible", Some of the code of laws mentioned above, along with other information, Manifesto of the Empress Catherine II, inviting foreign immigration, Historical Myths: The Death of Catherine the Great, Family tree of the ancestors of Catherine the Great, http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/Catherine.html, Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Catherine Alexeievna (Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst), Natalia Alexeievna (Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt), Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg), Anna Feodorovna (Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld), Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia), Elena Pavlovna (Charlotte of Württemberg), Alexandra Iosifovna (Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg), Maria Pavlovna (Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin), Elizabeth Feodorovna (Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine), Alexandra Georgievna (Alexandra of Greece and Denmark), Elizaveta Mavrikievna (Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg), Anastasia Nikolaevna (Anastasia of Montenegro), Militza Nikolaevna of Montenegro (Milica of Montenegro), Maria Georgievna (Maria of Greece and Denmark), Viktoria Feodorovna (Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_the_Great&oldid=1002093209, Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Lutheranism, Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree, People of the War of the Bavarian Succession, Mistresses of Stanisław August Poniatowski, Articles containing Russian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from November 2018, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles with failed verification from November 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, According to court gossip, this lost pregnancy was attributed to. Converted Jews could gain permission to enter the merchant class and farm as free peasants under Russian rule. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. [81] She wrote comedies, fiction, and memoirs. Historian François Cruzet writes that Russia under Catherine: had neither a free peasantry, nor a significant middle class, nor legal norms hospitable to private enterprise. It is said that Rurik came from the other side of the Baltic, from what is Sweden today. Orlov died in 1783. By November, they were stationed at the confluence of the Araks and Kura Rivers, poised to attack mainland Iran. In 1787, Catherine conducted a triumphal procession in the Crimea, which helped provoke the next Russo-Turkish War.[39]. (Catherine the Great descended from a daughter of Yaroslav I (978-1054) through her maternal grandfather, Christian August … George. [53], Catherine imposed a comprehensive system of state regulation of merchants' activities. Isabel de Madriaga, “Catherine II and the Serfs: A Reconsideration of Some Problems”, M. B. W. Trent, "Catherine the Great Invites Euler to Return to St. After Peter took a mistress, Catherine became involved with other prominent court figures. Whilst the Russian state owned 2.8 m serfs, Catherine owned 500,000. [118] Jewish members of society were required to pay double the tax of their Orthodox neighbours. [124] Endowments from the government replaced income from privately held lands. Money was needed for wars and necessitated the junking the old financial institutions. [23] Catherine recalled in her memoirs her optimistic and resolute mood before her accession to the throne: After the death of the Empress Elizabeth on 5 January 1762 (OS: 25 December 1761), Peter succeeded to the throne as Emperor Peter III, and Catherine became empress consort. Some claimed Catherine failed to supply enough money to support her educational program. The long-planned dynastic marriage finally occurred on 21 August 1745 in Saint Petersburg. The statute sought to efficiently govern Russia by increasing population and dividing the country into provinces and districts. 485-496. She acquired his collection of books from his heirs, and placed them in the National Library of Russia. By 1786, Catherine excluded all religion and clerical studies programs from lay education. By 1800, approximately 2 million inoculations were carried out in the Russian Empire.eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'historyhit_com-banner-1','ezslot_10',161,'0','0'])); Catherine had a collection of 44,000 books. The Rurikid dynasty was founded in 862 by Rurik, a Varangian prince. This powerful woman said of herself: “The trouble is that my heart is loathe to remain even one hour without love.” Her foreign policy lacked a long-term strategy and from the very start was characterized by a series of mistakes. She placed strictures on Catholics (ukaz of 23 February 1769), mainly Polish, and attempted to assert and extend state control over them in the wake of the partitions of Poland. Four years later, in 1766, she endeavoured to embody in legislation the principles of Enlightenment she learned from studying the French philosophers. The empress prepared the "Instructions for the Guidance of the Assembly", pillaging (as she frankly admitted) the philosophers of Western Europe, especially Montesquieu and Cesare Beccaria.[88][89]. Under Catherine's rule, despite her enlightened ideals, the serfs were generally unhappy and discontented. She also was a maternal great-grandmother of Prince Edward, 2nd Duke of Kent, Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy and Prince Michael of Kent through her granddaughter Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, and who are all grandchildren of King George V. Elena Pavlovna of Russia, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and granddaughter of Catherine, was the paternal great-great-great-great-grandmother of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. Catherine II[a] (born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 1729 in Szczecin – 17 November 1796[b]), most commonly known as Catherine the Great,[c] was Empress of All Russia from 1762 until 1796—the country's longest-ruling female leader. This reversal aroused the frustration and enmity of the powerful Zubovs and other officers who took part in the campaign: many of them would be among the conspirators who arranged Paul's murder five years later.[43]. However, the Moscow Foundling Home was unsuccessful, mainly due to extremely high mortality rates, which prevented many of the children from living long enough to develop into the enlightened subjects the state desired. She disliked his pale complexion and his fondness for alcohol at such a young age. Russia and Prussia had fought each other during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), and Russian troops had occupied Berlin in 1761. Still, there was a start of industry, mainly textiles around Moscow and ironworks in the Ural Mountains, with a labor force mainly of serfs, bound to the works. She provided support to a Polish anti-reform group known as the Targowica Confederation. "[148] In the end, the empress was laid to rest with a gold crown on her head and clothed in a silver brocade dress. Catherine did turn Russia into a global great power not only a European one but with quite a different reputation from what she initially had planned as an honest policy. How Did the Battle of Aachen Unfold and Why Was It Significant? [87] For philosophy, she liked books promoting what has been called "enlightened despotism", which she embraced as her ideal of an autocratic but reformist government that operated according to the rule of law, not the whims of the ruler, hence her interest in Blackstone's legal commentaries. All the ladies, some of whom took turn to watch by the body, would go and kiss this hand, or at least appear to." Most came from three large extended families. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Alexander Suvorov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, and admirals such as Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest … Ivan VI was assassinated during an attempt to free him as part of a failed coup: like Empress Elizabeth before her, Catherine had given strict instructions that Ivan was to be killed in the event of any such attempt. [86] For information about particular nations that interested her, she read Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville's Memoirs de Chine to learn about the vast and wealthy Chinese empire that bordered her empire; François Baron de Tott's Memoires de les Turcs et les Tartares for information about the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean khanate; the books of Frederick the Great praising himself to learn about Frederick just as much as to learn about Prussia; and the pamphlets of Benjamin Franklin denouncing the British Crown to understand the reasons behind the American Revolution. Catherine the Great is famed for her long and prosperous reign over the Russian Empire. Sophie had turned 16; her father did not travel to Russia for the wedding. ended with the deaths of Ivan IV and his sons and led into the Time of Troubles. How Emperor Hadrian Became Rome’s ‘Absent Ruler’. Among notable Romanov rulers were Peter the Great (reigned 1682–1725), Catherine the Great (1762–96), and Nicholas II (1894–1917), the last Romanov emperor, who was killed by revolutionaries soon after abdicating the throne. A description of the empress's funeral is written in Madame Vigée Le Brun's memoirs. Catherine was married to Peter III – who she detested. The object was to strengthen the friendship between Prussia and Russia, to weaken the influence of Austria and to ruin the chancellor Aleksey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin, on whom Russian Empress Elizabethrelied, and who was a known partisan of the Austrian alliance. All modern monarchs of Europe, some American Presidents and politicians are the distance descendants of The Ruriks through their maternal line. Also, the townspeople tended to turn against the junior schools and their pedagogical[clarification needed] methods. He warned of uprisings in Russia because of the deplorable social conditions of the serfs. However, military conscription and the economy continued to depend on serfdom, and the increasing demands of the state and of private landowners intensified the exploitation of serf labour. Her rise to power was supported by her mother's wealthy relatives, who were both nobles and royal relations. Catherine would later reflect on this initial meeting, recording that she stayed at one end of the castle, and Peter at the other. An admirer of Peter the Great, Catherine continued to modernize Russia along Western European lines. She avoided force and tried persuasion (and money) to integrate Moslem areas into her empire. La drag queen Ginger Minj l'interprète dans la pièce musicale The Baddest Bitches in Herstory, lors de la deuxième saison de RuPaul's Drag Race, All Stars. Catherine the Great is famed for her long and prosperous reign over the Russian Empire. Catherine, though not descended from any previous Russian emperor of the Romanov Dynasty (she descended from the Rurik Dynasty, which preceded the Romanovs), succeeded her husband as empress regnant. He would announce trying drills in the morning to male servants, who later joined Catherine in her room to sing and dance until late hours.[21]. [86] In the third category fell the work of Voltaire, Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm, Ferdinando Galiani, Nicolas Baudeau and Sir William Blackstone. The Commonwealth had become the Russian protectorate since the reign of Peter I, but he did not intervene into the problem of political freedoms of dissidents advocating for their religious freedoms only. Imported and studied the reform of religious schools freed if they were stationed at the Assumption in! `` Catherine the Great as a dishonest one 74 ] Catherine owned 500,000, them. 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