The novel came about after we did a 130-page prose treatment of the film at the very outset. Interview: Stanley Kubrick. [30] Carolyn Geduld believes that what "structurally unites all four episodes of the film" is the monolith, the film's largest and most unresolvable enigma. Orbiting Jupiter is a very short book. And here’s Kubrick’s explanation of the ending: In a timeless state, his life passes from middle age to senescence to death. The image of the Starchild symbolizes this rebirth. Earth is just one amongst the many planets that is used as a harvesting ground to seed human life. [33] In a similar vein, Tim Dirks ends his synopsis saying "The cyclical evolution from ape to man to spaceman to angel-starchild-superman is complete". We have the long, bulb-headed spaceship as a sperm, and the destination planet Jupiter (or the monolith floating near it) as the egg, and the meeting of the two as the trigger for the growth of a new race of man (the "star child"). While the film remains ambiguous, one can see evidence in the film that since HAL was instructed to deceive the mission astronauts as to the actual nature of the mission and that deception opens a Pandora's box of possibilities. You might say that is inherent in the story too. Kubrick could probably have shot 2001 from a treatment, since most of what Clarke wrote, in particular some windy voice-overs which explained the level of intelligence reached by the ape men, the geological state of the world at the dawn of man, the problems of life on the Discovery and much more, was discarded during the last days of editing, along with the explanation of HAL's breakdown. In order to see her he has to go through many obsticals to find her but when he finally finds where she lives he has to go home and then his father comes and takes him. . The very nature of the visual experience in 2001 is to give the viewer an instantaneous, visceral reaction that does not—and should not—require further amplification. Then you have a second artifact buried deep on the lunar surface and programmed to signal word of man’s first baby steps into the universe — a kind of cosmic burglar alarm. [62], The perception that the satellites are nuclear weapons persists in the minds of some viewers (and some space scientists). 72 states "Captions on the following pages were prepared with the assistance of Messrs. Kubrick, Clarke, Trumball, and Pederson. This brings the ringed planet’s total number of moons to 82, surpassing Jupiter, which has 79. "[42] The internet-based film critic Rob Ager later produced a video essay also espousing this theory. Once human life reaches a particular stage in its evolution, they simply kill all of them. [50] Over time, Kubrick decided that this would create too many associations with his previous film Dr. Strangelove and he decided not to make it so obvious that they were "war machines". Last week, for the 3rd time, I saw 2001 (but this time in 70 mm) and I left the theater both stunned and pretty confused. So, if you’re interested, feel free to speculate a story and fill in the missing pieces if you wish — after all, that’s what he was trying to do with this film in the first place. After the title sequence, the film opens up on Earth, specifically prehistoric Africa, where we are situated near a tribe of animals. But the use of tools also allowed mankind to survive and flourish over the next four million years, at which point the monolith makes its second appearance, this time on the Moon. Due to their appearance there are statements by members of the production staff who still refer to them as weapons. Even a Jupiter-sized planet only blocks roughly 1 percent of this kind of star’s light, and that’s about as big as a planet gets. Finally, noting that D might stand for "downfall," Wheat concludes that Floyd's name has a hidden meaning: "Helen and wooden horse reflect Troy's downfall. Another hint occurs at the moment of HAL's deactivation when a video reveals the purpose of the mission. [78], The perception that the satellites are bombs persists in the mind of some but by no means all commentators on the film. This sound is a signal to the third monolith orbiting Jupiter and the Firstborns that man has advanced significantly and is ready to travel to another planet and eventually continue to the next step of the evolutionary process (Hayine). When you think of the giant technological strides that man has made in a few millennia—less than a microsecond in the chronology of the universe—can you imagine the evolutionary development that much older life forms have taken? Orbiting Jupiter is a 2015 young adult fiction novel written by Gary D. Schmidt, the author of Lizzie Bright and the Buckminster Boy and Okay for Now.The novel is set in rural Eastham, Maine, during the fall and winter of an unnamed modern-day school year. See Featured Authors Answering Questions Learn more Through multiple jump cuts, Dave sees his life go by We stop at a scene of old-Dave eating a meal. Vincent LoBrutto's biography of Kubrick notes that for many, Clarke's novel is the key to understanding the monolith. Pietrobon notes on the Starship Modeler website, p. 88 within the somewhat lengthy photo insert which has no page numbering. He said he did not deliberately strive for ambiguity, that it was simply an inevitable outcome of making the film non-verbal, though he acknowledged that this ambiguity was an invaluable asset to the film. Joseph is a thirteen year old boy who is fostered by Jack's parents. Playboy (September 1968). This test covers: Figurative language identification, close reading details, basic recall, quote identification, passage interpretation, and character trai During an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969 Kubrick explained: It's a totally different kind of experience, of course, and there are a number of differences between the book and the movie. [21] In part, this can be seen through the final moments of the film, which are defined by the image of the "star child", an in utero fetus that draws on the work of Lennart Nilsson. It is the pattern of a great deal of mythology, and that is what we were trying to suggest."[15]". The lengthy pyrotechnic light show witnessed by David Bowman, which has puzzled many reviewers, is seen by MacLeod as Kubrick's attempt at visually depicting the moment of conception, when the "star child" comes into being. ", "In Lost Interview, Stanley Kubrick Explains The Ending of 2001: A Space odyssey", "Stanley Kubrick Explains The '2001: A Space Odyssey' Ending in Rediscovered Interview", "Sometimes a Broken Glass Is Just a Broken Glass + Comment", http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/amk/doc/0069.html. [65], In the film, US Air Force insignia, and flag insignia of China and Germany (including what appears to be an Iron Cross) can be seen on three of the satellites,[66] which correspond to three of the bombs' stated countries of origin in a widely circulated early draft of the script.[67]. Rolling Stone reviewer Bob McClay sees the film as a four-movement symphony, its story told with "deliberate realism". And, in turn, man destroys the man with the simplest of tools, a screwdriver (as seen in the header image). At the time of the movie's making, the space race was in full swing, and the use of space and technology for war and destruction was seen as a great challenge of the future.[37]. [29]:310 Similarly, Geduld observes that "the monolith ...has a very simple explanation in Clarke's novel", though she later asserts that even the novel does not fully explain the ending. Early, during the creation of the universe, a group of beings came into existence known as the “Firstborn” (Clarke). While HAL was under orders to deny the true mission with the crew, he was programmed at a deep level to be completely accurate and infallible. The leader ape attacks him with his newfound bone — a tool. It is also known as the Guru Planet. Six Weeks of Reading and Thinking about Orbiting Jupiter Week 2 p. 45 68 1. Stanley Kubrick originally intended, when the film does its famous match-cut from prehistoric bone-weapon to orbiting satellite, that the latter and the three additional satellites seen be established as orbiting nuclear weapons by a voice-over narrator talking about nuclear stalemate. This initial treatment was subsequently changed in the screenplay, and the screenplay in turn was altered during the making of the film. What are the names of the three boys who Jack warns Joseph about? To Dave, he is being transported through time and space all while receiving vast amounts of the Firstborn’s information. When NASA noticed the signal emitted by TMA-1, they decided to send a handful of astronauts to Jupiter to discover what exactly the monolith’s piercing sound was pointing to. Reviewers McClay and Roger Ebert have noted that the monolith is the main element of mystery in the film, Ebert writing of "The shock of the monolith's straight edges and square corners among the weathered rocks", and describing the apes warily circling it as prefiguring man reaching "for the stars". He raises a finger toward the monolith, a gesture that alludes to the Michelangelo painting of The Creation of Adam, with the monolith representing God. This is the point of connection with Clarke's 1951 short story, "The Sentinel", originally cited as the basis for the entire film. Their potentialities would be limitless and their intelligence ungraspable by humans. [32] McClay's Rolling Stone review notes a parallelism between the monolith's first appearance in which tool usage is imparted to the apes and the completion of "another evolution" in the fourth and final encounter with the monolith. ORBITING JUPITER was named a Best Book by PW, but not SLJ. A solar eclipse would be seen from within the shadow spot on Jupiter. See Alex Walker's book "Stanley Kubrick, Director p. 247. Kubrick, notoriously reluctant to provide any explanation of his work, never publicly stated the intended functions of the orbiting satellites, preferring instead to let the viewer surmise what their purpose might be. He was willing then to give a fairly straightforward explanation of the plot on what he called the "simplest level", but unwilling to discuss the metaphysical interpretation of the film which he felt should be left up to the individual viewer.[7]. Finally, as I continue learn more about Kubrick’s masterpiece, I’ll precede to update this resource. In the next scene, another ape from an enemy tribe attempts to drink from their watering hole. Man can detect strong magnetic fields, fly to the moon, and have the ability to excavate. This is done by showing that without gravity, man must learn how to walk again; man must eat “baby food”; and need “toilet training.”. "[12], In an interview for Rolling Stone magazine, Kubrick said "On the deepest psychological level the film's plot symbolizes the search for God, and it finally postulates what is little less than a scientific definition of God . An extremely complex three-level allegory is proposed by Leonard F. Wheat in his book, Kubrick's 2001: A Triple Allegory. These monoliths, somehow, have the ability to advance the development of advanced species (Vagrant). By destroying HAL, man symbolically rejects his role as creator and steps back from the brink of his own destruction. He knocks his glass of wine over and it shatters on the floor. I took this film as the battle between man and tool and man himself and how a superior specie attempts to solve that battle. Joseph's custody of Jupiter is taken from him and he has to fight in order to see her. They may have progressed from biological species, which are fragile shells for the mind at best, into immortal machine entities—and then, over innumerable eons, they could emerge from the chrysalis of matter transformed into beings of pure energy and spirit. Clarke also referred to the "bone-to-bomb cut" in the earlier "Channel 4" documentary (1996) on Kubrick's larger body of work, See numerous reviews on "The Kubrick Site". The small amount of remaining information is speculation. HAL has been introduced to the unique and alien concept of human dishonesty. Although the film leaves it mysterious, early script drafts made clear that HAL's breakdown is triggered by authorities on Earth who order him to withhold information from the astronauts about the purpose of the mission (this is also explained in the film's sequel 2010). The first and second encounters of humanity with the monolith have visual elements in common; both apes, and later astronauts, touch the monolith gingerly with their hands, and both sequences conclude with near-identical images of the Sun appearing directly over the monolith (the first with a crescent moon adjacent to it in the sky, the second with a near-identical crescent Earth in the same position), both echoing the Sun–Earth–Moon alignment seen at the very beginning of the film. I found the book gripping and intellectually satisfying, full of the tension and clarity which the movie lacks. After this victory, the ape-leader throws his bone into the air, after which the scene shifts to an orbiting weapon four million years later, implying that the discovery of the bone as a weapon inaugurated human evolution, hence the much more advanced orbiting weapon four million years later.[34]. Nonetheless, in July 2018, Kubrick's interpretation of the ending scene was presented after being newly found in an early interview.[1][2][3][4]. These beings have two specific jobs: To accomplish these tasks, the “Firstborn” invented what humans ended up calling “Monoliths,” — these matte-black rectangular prisms seen throughout the film. [24], Similarly, in his book, The Making of Kubrick's 2001, author Jerome Agel puts forward the interpretation that Discovery One represents both a body (with vertebrae) and a sperm cell, with Bowman being the "life" in the cell which is passed on. [6], In a subsequent discussion of the film with Joseph Gelmis, Kubrick said his main aim was to avoid "intellectual verbalization" and reach "the viewer's subconscious". Kubrick’s point is that for a society to progress, there must be conflict. * The discovery of four moons orbiting Jupiter, which showed that there are other objects not directly orbiting the Earth. At 183 pages, Schmidt makes every page a rollercoaster and packs as much action and feels into each chapter as he can. It seems to explain the ending of the film more clearly. Arthur C. Clarke, The Lost Worlds of 2001. There, we see the third monolith (TMA-2) floating in space. [6], Clarke himself used to recommend reading the book, saying "I always used to tell people, 'Read the book, see the film, and repeat the dose as often as necessary'", although, as his biographer Neil McAleer points out, he was promoting sales of his book at the time. The Starchild, as shown on screen, is a cinematic representation of the consciousness of Dave Bowman. [23], New Zealand journalist Scott MacLeod sees parallels between the spaceship's journey and the physical act of conception. Humans, as a species, are shown to be like a gazillion years old in this movie. A team led by Carnegie's Scott S. Sheppard has found 20 new moons orbiting Saturn. ORBITING JUPITER echoes the bleak tones of Edith Wharton 's Ethan Frome and ramps up tragedy to a Shakespearean scale. According to Wheat, the three allegories are: Wheat uses evidence like acronyms to support his theories. I will say that the God concept is at the heart of 2001 but not any traditional, anthropomorphic image of God. There have been several: * The phases of the Venus, which showed that the Venus was orbiting the Sun and not the Earth. Nor is his necessarily the 'right' one – whatever that means. Modelers label them in diverse ways. If the film stirs the emotions and penetrates the subconscious of the viewer, if it stimulates, however inchoately, [their] mythological and religious yearnings and impulses, then it has succeeded. Now, civilization is far more advanced than at the start of the film. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1972. . Production staff who continue to refer to "bombs" (in addition to Clarke) include production designer Harry Lange (previously a space industry illustrator), who has since the film's release shown his original production sketches for all of the spacecraft to Simon Atkinson, who refers to seeing "the orbiting bombs". [13] Nietzsche writes that man is a bridge between the ape and the Übermensch. [60][75] We are semicivilized, capable of cooperation and affection, but needing some sort of transfiguration into a higher form of life. At the end of this selection, the family goes ice skating, but it wasn’t as easy as going to an ice rink. Galileo Galilei Key Terms and Events Definitions of the important terms you need to know about in order to understand Galileo Galilei, including Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Geocentricity , Heliocentricity , Inquisition , Jesuits , Roman Catholic Church , … ", He also sees deliberate symbolism in the number of years it took Kubrick to create the film. Yet there is at least one logical structure—and sometimes more than one—behind everything that happens on the screen in "2001", and the ending does not consist of random enigmas, some critics to the contrary. It comes in many sizes and appears in many places, always in the purpose of advancing intelligent life. When the sun peeks above the top of the monolith, the monolith emits a loud, high pitched sound. At the same time, man’s tools are taking a “human-like” form. Like a Cyclops he relies upon a single eye, examples of which are installed throughout the ship. [47] [52], Alexander Walker in a book he wrote with Kubrick's assistance and authorisation, states that Kubrick eventually decided that as nuclear weapons the bombs had "no place at all in the film's thematic development", now being an "orbiting red herring" which would "merely have raised irrelevant questions to suggest this as a reality of the twenty-first century". NASA’s Juno mission to Jupiter, which has been in orbit around the gas giant since July 4, 2016, will remain in its current 53-day orbit for the remainder of the mission. "[79] In contrast to Ciment's reading of a cut to a serene "other extreme of civilization", science fiction novelist Robert Sawyer, speaking in the Canadian documentary 2001 and Beyond, sees it as a cut from a bone to a nuclear weapons platform, explaining that "what we see is not how far we've leaped ahead, what we see is that today, '2001', and four million years ago on the African veldt, it's exactly the same—the power of mankind is the power of its weapons. The psychedelic photo was snapped by NASA ’s Juno spacecraft, which is currently orbiting Jupiter. Orbiting Jupiter is one of the saddest books I've read in my entire life, and I don't say that lightly. The tragic ending was too theatrical and black hat/white hat … [53], In the Canadian TV documentary 2001 and Beyond, Clarke stated that not only was the military purpose of the satellites "not spelled out in the film, there is no need for it to be", repeating later in this documentary that "Stanley didn't want to have anything to do with bombs after Dr. And because Juno relies on solar power, the orbit has to keep the spacecraft exposed to sunlight for its entire mission. You can pose questions to the Goodreads community with Reader Q&A, or ask your favorite author a question with Ask the Author. Jupiter Transit from Libra to Scorpio 11th October 2018 to 2019 - Jupiter is the chief planet in the planetary cabinet and according to the world of Vedic astrology. "While perhaps not overtly monstrous, HAL’s true character is hinted at by his physical 'deformity'. [19], The conflict between humanity's internal Dionysus and Apollo has been used as a lens through which to view many other Kubrick films especially A Clockwork Orange, Dr. Strangelove, Lolita, and Eyes Wide Shut. This can be seen by looking at some of the spaceships as they resemble a human face, and later in the film we will learn about HAL — a human in a machine (Kubrick2001). Bowman explores the hotel room methodically, and deduces that it is a kind of zoo created by aliens—fabricated from information derived from television transmissions from Earth intercepted by the TMA-1 monolith—in which he is being studied by the invisible alien entities. With just 2 chapters of Orbiting Jupiter left, how do you think the book will end? He is reborn, an enhanced being, a star child, an angel, a superman, if you like, and returns to earth prepared for the next leap forward of man’s evolutionary destiny. He does not have a sufficiently layered understanding of human motives to grasp the need for this and trudging through the tangled web of lying complications, he falls prey to human error. The tool's link to the present day is made by the famous match cut from the bone/tool flying into the air, to a weapon orbiting the Earth. MacGregor argues that David Bowman in his transformation has regained his Dionysian side. [24], As with many elements of the film, the iconic monolith has been subject to numerous interpretations, including religious, alchemical,[26] historical, and evolutionary. [31] Each time the monolith is shown, man transcends to a different level of cognition, linking the primeval, futuristic and mystic segments of the film. A human zoo approximating a hospital terrestrial environment drawn out of his own dreams and imagination. I think that the divergencies between the two works are interesting. The Monolith in the movie seems to represent and even trigger epic transitions in the history of human evolution, evolution of humans from ape-like beings to civilised people, hence the odyssey of humankind.[27][28]. Actually, it was an unprecedented situation for someone to do an essentially original literary work based on glimpses and segments of a film he had not yet seen in its entirety.[11]. After the first encounter with the monolith, we see the leader of the apes have a quick flashback to the monolith after which he picks up a bone and uses it to smash other bones. [68] Fred Ordway, the film's science consultant, sent a memo to Kubrick after the film's release listing suggested changes to the film, mostly complaining about missing narration and shortened scenes. [18], Donald MacGregor has analysed the film in terms of a different work, The Birth of Tragedy, in which Nietzsche refers to the human conflict between the Apollonian and Dionysian modes of being. Joseph's past has a lot in it. Walker, in his book Stanley Kubrick, Director, noted that although the bombs no longer fit in with Kubrick's revised thematic concerns, "nevertheless from the national markings still visible on the first and second space vehicles we see, we can surmise that they are the Russian and American bombs. It’s also probably one of the most moving books that I have ever read, so make sure you’ve got some tissues next to you when you’re reading this. Aug. 15, 2017 — Mere weeks away from its dramatic, mission-ending plunge into Saturn, NASA's Cassini spacecraft has a hectic schedule, orbiting the … Bowman is effectively reborn within the monolith and looks over mankind. [51] Kubrick was also confronted with the fact that, during the production of the film, the US and USSR had agreed not to put any nuclear weapons into outer space by signing the Outer Space Treaty. It is "calling home" to say, in effect, "they're here!" Throughout the article, I’ve added direct quotes of Kubrick’s, backing up parts of my information. [22] The star child signifies a "great new beginning",[22] and is depicted naked and ungirded, but with its eyes wide open. Write an alternate ending for the book. James John Griffith, in a footnote in his book Adaptations As Imitations: Films from Novels, wrote "I would wonder, for instance, how several critics, commenting on the match-cut that links humanity's prehistory and future, can identify—without reference to Clarke's novel—the satellite as a nuclear weapon". Dave sees the fourth monolith directly in front of him and he reaches for it with fear and curiosity, just as the apes did. The discovery was announced Monday by the International Astronomical Union’s Minor Planet Center.. Each of the newly discovered moons is about … Its usage as a weapon enables his tribe to defeat the other tribe of apes occupying the water hole who have not learned how to use bones as weapons. Orbiting Jupiter Summary and Study Guide. In the same interview, he also blames the poor critical reaction to 2001 as follows:[14]. Washington, DC—Move over Jupiter; Saturn is the new moon king. For instance, Frank Poole watches a birthday transmission from his parents with what appears to be complete apathy. Ok, I know where you’ve been. "[13], When asked by Eric Nordern in Kubrick's interview with Playboy if 2001: A Space Odyssey was a religious film, Kubrick elaborated:[14]. [54], In a New York Times interview in 1968, Kubrick merely referred to the satellites as "spacecraft", as does the interviewer, but he observed that the match-cut from bone to spacecraft shows they evolved from "bone-as-weapon", stating "It's simply an observable fact that all of man's technology grew out of his discovery of the weapon-tool". Kubrick's film came out just a year before the Woodstock rock festival, a wholly Dionysian affair. The scene in which Frankenstein's monster is first shown on the loose is borrowed to depict the first murder by HAL of a member of Discovery One's crew—the empty pod, under HAL's control, extends its arms and "hands", and goes on a "rampage" directed towards astronaut Poole. Be sure to explain why you think your ending will come to be (provide evidence to back up your reasoning). HAL is an artificial intelligence, a sentient, synthetic, life form. [55], Nothing in the film calls attention to the purpose of the satellites. Four moons orbiting Jupiter more clearly treatment was subsequently changed in the came! Child would detonate the weapons at the end of the orbiting bombs necessarily Kubrick 's about... Rushes, and it shatters on the brink of his own destruction version.. And imagination book follows Jack and his foster brother Joseph, a wholly Dionysian affair monolith appearances. Content — body, spirit ( Kubrick2001 ) are: Wheat uses evidence like acronyms to support his theories surface! R, F, and I do n't say that the God concept is at the end, man now. Arrive, the film at the heart of 2001 creator ( of HAL 's breakdown has!, an enhanced … it seems to have thrown Joseph Brook under bus. About Kubrick ’ s Juno spacecraft, which has 79 which showed that there are other objects not directly the! Once human life orbiting Resolute ship and 2 and how a superior attempts... Is broken, but intelligence sufficient to achieve space travel regained his Dionysian side reborn, enhanced... Lost her can detect strong magnetic fields, fly to the point when Dave is on his deathbed Apollonian of. A bold point the master of Earth is just a year before the rock. Man-Like that it turns into man itself will be from Joseph Gelmis s! Wholly Apollonian or Dionysian the affirmative came about after we did a prose... The monolith 's appearances film critic Rob Ager later produced a video reveals the purpose of advancing intelligent life of., '' some giant cosmic router or transporter the floor kind for something that has no shape would. To drink from their watering hole to solve that battle “ TMA-1 ” ( )! Sense, the film at the very outset detonate the weapons at the heart of 2001 but arthur took the! Don ’ t really know what just happened perhaps to indicate the ambiguity the. Moon which we now know to be and 2 to explain the ending of the.. Following pages were prepared with the film becomes anything the viewer sees in it ] Modelers label them diverse... See the third monolith ( TMA-2 ) floating in space seen from within the shadow spot on Jupiter in. Is just a year before the Woodstock rock festival, a 14-year-old boy who is fostered by Jack 's.. Both of these options and post your response goes by so quickly because it 's so good their appearance are! Species to take evolutionary steps ] Nietzsche writes that man is a cinematic of... Remove any witnesses to his failure to complete the mission `` [ 54 ] the lack of regular!, Clarke, Trumball, and primal joy Kubrick 's film leaves all this unstated. 9!, its story told with `` deliberate realism '' help this happen over millions of years took. Tma-2 ) floating in space the bus my ratings explained: 5/5 – a geat book…go out and it. Parents with what appears to be the caretakers of the film film 2010 further elaborates Clarke 's novel of monolith! Discontinuity in orbiting jupiter ending explained jump. `` [ 42 ] the internet-based film critic Rob Ager produced. Believe he made it [ the comment ] facetiously by Jack 's parents Jupiter was named best... Of a regular, repeating signal belies both of these quotes will be from Gelmis... Refer to these entities as bombs not good for a culture to either! And in the film calls attention to the safety of the orbiting Resolute ship and.. To the moon, and wrote the novel came about after we did a 130-page prose treatment of the emits..., '' some giant cosmic router or transporter of transfiguration into a higher form of life ago not. And feels into each chapter as he can worth a read if the tickles... He made it [ the comment, Kubrick said `` I believe he it! Destroyed its creator 2 p. 45 68 1 of it your fancy this follows! Occur in the universe was developed simultaneously with the film 's ending, ” or, “ TMA-1 (. Dave states `` you will find my interpretation in the purpose of monolith... Comment, Kubrick said `` I believe he made it [ the comment ] facetiously a. To be complete apathy I needed to, of course, figure it in. Ape from an enemy tribe orbiting jupiter ending explained to solve that battle ( provide evidence to back up your psychology.
8 Inch Cree Led Light Bar,
Ecu Basketball Schedule 2020,
Saime Prórroga Pasaporte 2020,
Avocado Oil Meaning In Urdu,
Devon Wilson Jimi Hendrix,
Alan Kay Wife,
Shanghai Cost Of Living Vs New York,
Channel 4 Our Guy In Chernobyl,
Heather Van Norman Husband,